Social Security can feel complicated, especially for immigrants who may have different documentation and work histories. Here’s a simple guide to help understand the basics.

1. Eligibility for a Social Security Number (SSN)

Immigrants with authorized work status—such as permanent residents, individuals with work visas, and certain refugees—can apply for a Social Security Number.

2. Earning Work Credits

To qualify for retirement or disability benefits, you need enough “work credits.” Most people need 40 credits (about 10 years of work), though disability benefits may require fewer depending on age.

3. Totalization Agreements

If you’ve worked in another country, the U.S. has agreements with many nations that allow you to combine work credits from both countries to help you qualify for benefits.

4. Benefits for Non-Citizens

Permanent residents and certain visa holders can receive Social Security benefits if they meet all eligibility rules. However, individuals must maintain lawful presence in the U.S. to continue receiving some benefits.

5. Where to Get Help

The Social Security Administration provides resources in multiple languages. Immigration attorneys and financial advisers can also help you understand your options.